Turkey’s presidential election is being anxiously watched by Kurds in Syria and Iraq as economic interests compete with fears of a regional military escalation against some Kurdish groups.
The long-running and deadly conflict between Ankara and militant groups from the ethnic Kurdish minority has spilled across the borders of both Iraq and Syria.
But Turkey is also a major economic partner, especially for northern Iraq’s autonomous Kurdish province which has long exported oil through a pipeline that runs through Turkey and has trade ties worth billions.
“Economically, there are mutual benefits,” said Iraqi political scientist Mohamed Ezzedine.
Turkey’s President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, having governed for 20 years, has fostered key strategic links with Iraqi Kurdistan’s President Nechirvan Barzani, who has been in his post since 2019 after holding senior government positions for decades.
After the first round of elections, as votes were still being counted, Barzani called Erdoğan, the Turkish “reis” (chief), to express “confidence and optimism” he would defeat challenger Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu.
But some Kurds in Iraq and across the border in Syria fear an Erdoğan victory will see a military escalation in their home regions.
Fighting between Ankara’s army and outlawed Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) militants from Turkey has for decades spilled over into Iraqi Kurdistan, a rugged mountain region where both sides operate military bases — with civilians often caught in the crossfire.
In northeast Syria, the Kurdish People’s Protection Units (YPG) have established a semi-autonomous administration amid the chaos of the long-running civil war, and the group is backed by the United States as part of an anti-Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) coalition.
Ankara, however, considers them an extension of the PKK, which is labelled a terrorist group by Turkey and its key Western allies, and has waged successive military campaigns against them.
‘Mutual benefits’
Despite the conflict’s impact in Iraqi Kurdistan, the region also benefits from its neighbor, with trade ties worth an estimated $12 billion in 2022.
Many local businesses would like to keep things the way they are.
“Since Erdoğan became president, we have been satisfied,” said Ahmed Krouanji, who runs a shop in Arbil’s market. “There is a lot of trade with Turkey, the economic situation has improved.”
Others express views reflecting solidarity with Kurds across the border.
An Erdoğan victory “is not in the interests of the Kurds of Turkey,” said Ali Khodr, a man aged in his thirties.
Turkey’s leading pro-Kurdish party, the Peoples’ Democratic Party, denounces Ankara’s persecution of its Kurdish minority and backs Kılıçdaroğlu.
But the only consolation for the president’s opponents after first-round voting that delivered the incumbent a comfortable lead, was that for the first time, Erdoğan has been forced into a runoff.
Over two decades, Arbil’s leaders have forged close ties with the Turkish president, who receives Nechirvan Barzani and his cousin, Prime Minister Masrour Barzani, on their regular visits to Ankara.
“The government of Kurdistan has always tried to have good relations with Turkey, which is their gateway to the rest of the world,” said Ezzedine. “This affinity was built on economic foundations.”
For years, direct sales of crude to Turkey, without approval from Iraq’s federal government, were the economic lifeblood of Kurdistan.
A legal dispute between Baghdad and Ankara has interrupted the trade, but it is expected to resume once technical and financial details are settled.
‘Start from scratch’
Some fear that a victory for Erdoğan risks escalating Turkey’s battle with the PKK, a conflict that has raged since 1984 and killed tens of thousands inside Turkey and extended into northern Iraq and Syria.
The conflict could intensify if Erdoğan is elected to another five-year term, said academic Kamel Omar from Sulaymaniyah, the second biggest city in Iraqi Kurdistan.
“The Turkish army will expand its military influence in Kurdistan and penetrate more deeply into the autonomous region,” he predicted.
A similar scenario may loom in northeastern Syria where Turkey’s successive campaigns against the YPG have already forced the Kurdish fighters away from border areas.
“We are afraid that Erdoğan will stay in power,” Sardar Abbas, a teacher in the Syrian town of Qamishli, told AFP, adding that he fears the threat of “other attacks.”
“It would be a disaster for our regions,” he said.
He worries that defeat of the YPG would spark an exodus of Syria’s Kurds, who painstakingly fought for their semi-autonomous status.
“It would mean to start from scratch,” he said.
© Agence France-Presse