The clip lasted 14 seconds, presented by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as proof that his rival in Sunday’s election was running “hand in hand” with outlawed Kurdish militants.
Aired at a huge rally and beamed live on TV, the video showed opposition leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu trying to rally his supporters to the tune of his campaign song.
In the next sequence, members of Turkey’s outlawed Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) group echoed that call while clapping their hands to the beat of Kilicdaroglu’s election jingle.
The message Erdoğan was trying to project was clear: the secular opposition leader had formed a union with “terrorists.”
Only it was a montage, one of the latest pieces of disinformation to pollute the campaign of one of Turkey’s closest and most important elections in generations.
“How can a person sitting in the president’s chair stoop this low,” Kılıçdaroğlu, whose campaign has been endorsed by Turkey’s main pro-Kurdish party, fumed on Tuesday.
Running neck-and-neck with Erdoğan, Kılıçdaroğlu claims that “foreign hackers” recruited by Erdoğan’s team are preparing deepfakes — manipulated videos and soundbites — aimed at discrediting rivals days before the election.
“Dear Russian friends,” he added on Twitter on Thursday.
“You are behind the montages, conspiracies, deepfake content and tapes that were exposed in this country,” he said without explaining why he was blaming Russia.
“If you want our friendship after May 15, get your hands off the Turkish state.”
‘Army of trolls’
Erdoğan has responded in kind, alleging that “an army of trolls” was working for his rival.
“You are using lies and misinformation. You are devising schemes that even the devil would not have thought of,” Erdoğan told the opposition leader on television.
Turkey’s social media became a political battlefield last October, when parliament adopted a law making the spread of “fake news” punishable by up to three years in prison.
Weeks later, Kilicdaroglu became one of the first to be prosecuted under the law for alleging that Erdoğan’s Islamic-rooted government was responsible for a “methamphetamine epidemic” in Turkey.
Dunja Mijatovic, the Council of Europe’s commissioner for human rights, warned in May that the law’s “extensive use” was having a “chilling effect on journalists and critical voices.”
Suncem Koçer, a disinformation specialist at Istanbul’s Koç University, said such charges and counter-charges had never featured to this extent in past Turkish elections.
“Everybody is trying to define what disinformation is,” Koçer said. “It has turned into a weapon to kind of criminalize the opposite candidate or party. This is something new.”
‘Real danger’
But the actual methods of spreading disinformation remain the same, said Gülin Çavuş, co-founder of Turkey’s Teyit fact checking site.
They appear “on social networks, but also during meetings”, in images that are either cropped or taken out of context.
In one example earlier this week, Erdoğan showed an excerpt of a newspaper article on a big screen suggesting that Kilicdaroglu had been found guilty of fraud in 1996.
In the original article, quickly unearthed by journalists from Teyit, Kılıçdaroğlu had actually denounced fraud committed by people who took advantage of Turkey’s social security agency, which he then headed.
“These videos can make a real impact on people with little training in media and with digital tools,” Çavuş said.
Some of the disinformation relies on more tried and tested methods such as fake campaign literature.
One leaflet claiming to come from Kılıçdaroğlu ‘s team promises to withdraw Turkey’s troops from Syria and halt all military operations against the PKK.
Koçer said all this disinformation was unlikely to sway Sunday’s outcome, where turnout among Turkey’s 64 million voters is likely to be high.
“But disinformation certainly works towards increasing the polarized atmosphere, which is the real danger,” Koçer said.
© Agence France-Presse