Three ancient cities suffered widespread destruction in Monday’s massive earthquake in Turkey and Syria: Antakya, Şanlıurfa and Aleppo.
Here are some key facts:
Antakya/Antioch
Antakya, a city of around 250,000 people in south-central Turkey, large parts of which have been reduced to rubble, was once the ancient city of Antioch which rivaled Alexandria as a major center of early Christianity and was a key staging point on the Silk Road.
Founded in 300 BC by a former general of Alexander the Great, it was by turn Roman, Hellenistic, Byzantine and Ottoman before becoming an autonomous city in French-ruled Syria after World War I and then later Turkey in 1939.
But little remained of the ancient city, which included magnificent temples, theatres, aqueducts, and baths, in modern-day Antakya, the capital of the province of Hatay.
A city with a continuing strong Syrian influence, it took in large numbers of refugees fleeing the civil war across the border just 20 kilometers (12 miles) away.
Antakya is also home to one of southern Turkey’s oldest Jewish communities, centered on a synagogue that was damaged in the quake. Expressing fears for the future of Jewish life in the city, the president of the Turkish Jewish community İshak İbrahimzade tweeted Monday: “The end of a 2,500-year-old love story.”
Şanlıurfa
Şanlıurfa is the home of the world’s oldest known megalithic structures situated at Göbekli Tepe (Potbelly Hill), a UN World Heritage Site, in southeastern Anatolia.
Around 7,000 years before the pyramids of Egypt were built, hunter-gatherers erected monumental enclosures with distinctive T-shaped pillars at the site, which could have been affected by the quake, according to the UN cultural agency UNESCO.
Also formerly called Edessa, Şanlıurfa was a major center of Syrian culture and was occupied by the Crusaders before being annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
It was the scene of the 1895 massacre of 3,000 Armenians who had taken refuge in the cathedral only to be burned alive.
The capital of one of southeastern Turkey’s poorest provinces, Şanlıurfa, was hard hit by the war in neighboring Syria. A quarter of its population is made up of refugees.
Aleppo
Aleppo is one of the oldest cities in the world to have been constantly inhabited since at least 4,000 BC, thanks to its strategic position between the Mediterranean and Mesopotamia in present-day Iraq.
Before the quake, Syria’s second-largest city had already been heavily damaged by four years of fighting from 2012-2016 in the civil war, which left the former rebel-held east in ruins.
In July 2015, a blast destroyed part of the ramparts that surround a 13th-century citadel, while in September 2012, a blaze swept through ancient shops in the city’s famous souk, or marketplace, and in April 2013, the minaret of the historic Omayyades mosque collapsed during fierce fighting.
The quake comes less than a year and a half after the souk was reopened following a major restoration effort.
In a preliminary assessment, UNESCO on Tuesday cited “significant damage” to the citadel and said the western tower of the old city wall had collapsed and several buildings in the souks had been weakened.