At the gates of the Black Sea, trade is in full swing as freighters and oil tankers sail from the heart of Istanbul to Russian and Ukrainian ports.
Just after the Russian offensive began in Ukraine on Feb, 24 and the first Western sanctions were imposed, the largest vessels of international companies plying these waters were replaced by smaller ships.
The total number of ships on the route remains around the pre-war level of 40,000, according to experts.
“Russia shamelessly steals Ukrainian grain and sends it overseas from Crimea, including to Turkey,” said Vasyl Bodnar, Ukraine’s ambassador to Turkey.
“In May alone, we counted at least 10 passages including two round trips from three vessels flying the Russian flag … not to mention those that we would have missed.”
From his terrace overlooking the Bosporus, Yörük Işık has been a keen observer of ship movements on this key waterway between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean for a decade now.
While swiftly condemning the Russian offensive in Ukraine, Turkey positioned itself as a neutral mediator and refused to join Western sanctions on Moscow.
Although Ankara has banned the passage of belligerent vessels through its Dardanelles and Bosporus straits since late February under the Montreux convention of 1936, it is not legally entitled to intercept commercial ships or to search them, a diplomatic source said in Ankara.
“We don’t follow the ships on their way out of the straits. We monitor them 10 kilometers before they enter and 10 kilometers after they leave,” the source said on condition of anonymity.
Elizabete Aunina, a researcher at Amsterdam University, said, “If we look at the vague wording of the Montreux treaty, it leaves a lot up for interpretation.
“It did not foresee that merchant vessels could be carrying stolen goods. … Turkey has before showed a certain commitment to stick to the very basic interpretation of the convention as a way to also protect itself from entering deeper into the conflict.”
The European Union imposed an embargo on Russian imports, but tankers flying the Greek or Maltese flags are seen sailing through the Bosporus up to the Black Sea to Russian ports.
Maritime corridors
Thanks to real-time tracking applications, a strong network of observers, Russian and Ukrainian activists and satellite images, no vessel escapes Işık’s radar.
“We can see … where the ship is getting loaded …” he said.
Some freighters loaded the wheat in Ukrainian ports under Russian blockade such as Odessa, Chornomorsk or Mariupol, he said.
The destination? Syria — where Russia retains an operational base — and then Lebanon or Egypt.
Işık also identified a flotilla of old Turkish boats, “never seen before in the area” suddenly appearing under a flag of convenience in the Russian port of Novorossiysk — “likely under contract with the Russian government.”
He lists a few names: Kocatepe (now Tanzania), Barbaros (Equatorial Guinea), Hızır (Malta) and Şampiyon Trabzonsport (Cameroon).
Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov will visit Turkey on Wednesday to discuss a possible establishment of “sea corridors” — although Ukrainian wheat is being covertly exported to Russia’s benefit, according to experts.
“This is the information we get but we cannot stop, or check, or question the intention of any cargo ship except if we feel a threat to Turkish peace or security,” the diplomatic source said.
But for Işık, who keeps a list of cargo ships belonging to the Russian defense ministry and those of private companies operating on its behalf, “What is happening is unacceptable.”
EU mulling tighter sanctions
Before the war, Ukraine was on track to becoming the world’s third biggest exporter of wheat, and many countries in Africa and the Middle East depend on it.
“If Russia exports Ukrainian products, nobody authorizes Turkey to stop the vessels,” said Yücel Acer, professor of international law at Ankara University, adding, “unless there is a United Nations resolution” — a futile move as long as Russia holds veto power in the Security Council.
Without openly admitting it, the European Commission has found holes in the current sanctions regime and is preparing to tighten the screws again, said a source in Brussels.
These foresee a new set of sanctions targeting Moscow plans to deprive the European operators of their insurance if their vessels are caught red-handed.
“Most of these vessels are covered by European and British insurance. With this new package, they will no longer be able to use them,” said the source.
“This should have a significant impact.”
But Turkey could do more, said Aunina, from Amsterdam University.
“Following the annexation of Crimea, Turkey technically banned ships from Crimea in its ports: This could be done as well.”
AFP